Table 1 Nine concepts and their definitions

Concept	Definition
Language ability as a barrier	How linguistic inability becomes a barrier
Differences in the way of working/employment system	How working style and the employment system differ between this county and Japan
Differences in the way of decision-making	How ways of making decisions differ between this county and Japan
Cultural similarities between the two countries	How similar the two countries are in cultural values despite other differences
Education to encourage speaking up	Why and how education to facilitate speaking up is necessary for globally-minded Japanese leaders
Training to enhance intercultural competence	Why and how education to enhance cultural awareness is needed for globally-minded Japanese leaders
Reduced Japanese presence or influence	Why and how the presence and influence of Japan has been declining overseas
Underdeveloped globalization of Japanese companies	Why and how Japanese corporations are underdeveloped in terms of globalization
Caution in overemphasizing “globalization”	Why and how the term globalization is overemphasized, without enough discussion