| Metacognitive knowledge |
| Declarative knowledge (α = .60) | I know what the teacher expects me to learn. | .62 | | |
| I excel at organizing information. | .71 | .24 | 4.28*** |
| I understand my intellectual strengths and weaknesses. | .54 | .20 | 3.45*** |
| Procedural knowledge (α = .76) | I automatically employ effective learning strategies. | .92 | | |
| I am aware of the strategies I employ when I study. | .80 | .09 | 7.52*** |
| I have a specific purpose for each strategy I employ. | .90 | .08 | 10.37*** |
| I attempt to employ strategies that have worked in the past. | .81 | .06 | 7.79*** |
| Conditional knowledge (α = .79) | I know when each strategy I employ will be most effective. | .74 | | |
| I utilize my intellectual strengths to compensate for my weaknesses. | .78 | .24 | 4.79*** |
| I learn best when I know something about a topic. | .73 | .22 | 4.50*** |
| Metacognitive regulation |
| Planning (α = .77) | I organize my time to achieve my study goals most effectively. | .94 | | |
| I check if all the materials are organized before I begin studying. | .82 | .07 | 8.32*** |
| I pace myself while learning so that I have sufficient time. | .89 | .07 | 10.53*** |
| I consider what I really need to learn before I begin studying. | .87 | .06 | 9.70*** |
| I set specific study goals before learning. | .75 | .07 | 6.92*** |
| I review the instructions carefully before learning something new. | .71 | .06 | 6.15*** |
| Monitoring (α = .65) | I consider several alternatives to a problem before responding. | .69 | .05 | 6.17*** |
| I find myself pausing to assess the usefulness of a learning strategy while studying. | .98 | | |
| I periodically ask myself if I am attaining my study goals while studying. | .97 | .04 | 22.25*** |
| Evaluation (α = .74) | I summarize what I have learned after I have completed studying. | .63 | | |
| I ask myself if I have learned as much as I could have after I have completed studying. | .95 | .50 | 5.11*** |
| I ask myself if I have considered all the options after I solve a problem. | .94 | .45 | 5.06*** |
| I ask myself how well I have achieved my goals after I have completed studying. | .93 | .44 | 5.01*** |
| Debugging (α = .75) | When a text becomes complicated, I retrace my steps in the text to identify interconnected ideas therein. | .79 | | |
| I stop and revisit new information that is ambiguous. | .90 | .20 | 6.89*** |
| I reevaluate my assumptions when I get confused. | .71 | .16 | 5.04*** |
| I alter learning strategies when I do not understand something. | .88 | .27 | 6.67*** |
| I request others’ help when I do not understand something. | .82 | .28 | 6.04*** |
| Information management (α = .73) | I focus on the meaning and significance of new information. | .92 | | |
| I translate new information into my own words to help memorize it. | .80 | .10 | 7.61*** |
| I utilize the text structure to help me learn. | .86 | .08 | 9.03*** |